Yamdrok Yumtso Lake

Yamdrok Lake: The Turquoise Jewel of Tibet
Yamdrok Lake, meaning “Swan Lake” in Tibetan, is one of Tibet’s three sacred lakes and its largest freshwater lake. The lake’s crystal-clear turquoise waters are dotted with over a dozen islands, creating a picturesque landscape amidst surrounding mountains. Formed by glacial landslides, the lake features a winding shoreline and includes three smaller lakes: Kongmu Co, Chen Co, and Gyü Co. Rich in fish, especially the plateau naked carp, the lake is known as the “Fish Treasury of Tibet” due to the abundance of aquatic life and the local tradition of not consuming fish. In winter, the lake freezes over, while in late spring and early summer, herders transport livestock to the islands for grazing, taking advantage of the lush pastures.​

Yamdrok Lake, also known as Yamdrok Yumtso or simply “Yam Lake,” means “Jade Lake” or “Swan Lake” in Tibetan. It is one of the Three Great Sacred Lakes of Tibet and is renowned worldwide for its breathtaking scenery. Located in Langkazi County in the Shannan region of Tibet, Yamdrok lies about 70 kilometers southwest of Lhasa and is the largest inland lake north of the Himalayas.

Location and General Information

Yamdrok Lake is located at 29.0°N latitude and 90.6°E longitude, with a surface elevation of 4,441 meters above sea level. The lake covers an area of approximately 675 square kilometers (some sources state 638 km²), which is about 70 times the size of West Lake in Hangzhou. Its average depth ranges from 20 to 40 meters, with the deepest point reaching 60 meters. The lake holds around 16 billion cubic meters of water (other estimates suggest 14.6 billion m³). With a shoreline of 250 kilometers, the lake stretches 130 kilometers in length and 70 kilometers in width, featuring an irregular shape with many branches and winding coastlines.

Scenic Highlights and Natural Beauty of Yamdrok Lake

Yamdrok Lake features crystal-clear waters that shimmer like rippling jade, nestled among towering Himalayan mountains. Depending on the depth and the angle of sunlight, the lake displays a mesmerizing gradient of colors — from emerald green to deep sapphire blue. Surrounded by snow-capped peaks and majestic glaciers, the lake creates a breathtaking natural panorama, making it one of Tibet’s most iconic and photogenic destinations.

Yamdrok Lake features numerous branches and inlets, resembling coral branches in shape. For this reason, it is also known in Tibetan as the “Upper Coral Lake.” Scattered across its surface are 21 small islands, each isolated and surrounded by water. Larger islands can accommodate five to six households, while smaller ones measure just over a hundred square meters. The largest spans about 18 square kilometers. These islands are lush with pasture and alive with flocks of wild birds, adding vitality and charm to this sacred Tibetan lake.

Ecology and Environmental Conservation

Yamdrok Lake is a high-altitude barrier lake that was formed millions of years ago due to glacial debris and landslides blocking a river channel. It is classified as an endorheic (closed drainage) and saline lake. Historically, Yamdrok was an outflow lake, with its waters once draining into the Yarlung Tsangpo River via the Moqu River. However, over time, due to natural retreat and topographical shifts, it evolved into a landlocked lake, now divided into several smaller lakes.

Yamdrok Lake boasts an excellent ecological environment, with water quality consistently meeting Class I standards—clean and unpolluted. The region enjoys a mild highland climate with an average annual temperature of 6.5°C. In summer, the landscape is lush and green, with clear blue skies mirrored on vibrant waters and hills. In winter, the surrounding mountains are draped in snow, the sky deepens to indigo, and the lake surface lightly freezes—offering breathtaking scenery all year round.

To preserve this valuable natural resource, local authorities have implemented a series of protective measures. For example, in 2012, a proposed water-based tourism project on Yamdrok Lake was halted after facing strong public opposition online. The Shannan Prefecture government ordered Langkazi County to terminate the project immediately and issued a clear directive prohibiting any organization or individual from developing or operating tourism or commercial activities on the lake in the future.

Travel Guide & Important Tips

Yamdrok Lake is one of Tibet’s most popular tourist attractions, drawing thousands of visitors each year. Travelers can depart from Lhasa by private car or take a shared bus, with the journey taking approximately 4 to 5 hours. The scenic route itself is worth the trip. Alternatively, you can join a local day tour for a hassle-free experience, though it may offer less flexibility than independent travel.

Before visiting Yamdrok Lake, travelers should make thorough preparations. Due to the high altitude, it is important to protect yourself from the sun and keep warm. Be sure to bring sunscreen, lip balm, and warm clothing. Respect local customs and keep the environment clean—never litter. Altitude sickness is common, so carry essentials like oxygen bottles or Rhodiola supplements, stay positive, and rest adequately for a safe and comfortable trip.

From the viewing platform, Yamdrok Lake reveals a surreal blend of deep blue and pure white, as if gazing into a heavenly realm. At dusk, find a quiet spot by the lake and watch the sun slowly sink beneath the water—time seems to stand still in that breathtaking moment. Whether you’re a photography enthusiast or a hiking traveler, you’ll find serenity and beauty uniquely your own here.

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